1 ) ADJECTIVAL TYPE
We know that participial phrases can modify nouns and pronouns.They may come before (pre- modifying) or after (post- modifying)the noun or pronoun:
* The people waiting for the bus got very wet .
* Courses having a bearing on vocation are popular with students seeking a job immediately after University.
* The meeting scheduled for 10.00 for everyone involved in the project has been postponed.
* Those leaving longer may take a copy ; those staying longer will be given theirs later .
Notice that in post- modifying participial phrases the participle can be followed by:
* an object: student seeking job
* a prepositional phrase : everyone involved in the project
* an adverb : those leaving now; those staying longer
Post- modifying participles and participial phrases can do the work of relative clauses, of both defining and non -defining type:
1 defining type:
* those leaving now ( = those who are leaving now )
2 non- defining type :
* We visited the poet ' s house , now lying empty and badly neglected ( = We visited the poet' s house, which was now lying empty and badly neglected)
Such participles and participial clauses can be referred to as non-finite relative clauses or reduced clauses.
2 ) COMPLEMENT TYPE
A participial phrase can occur as a complement after a linking verb or after the object of a complex transitive verb .
a ) after a linking verb
:: You seem dissatisfied with the arrangement .
* He grew increasingly subdued depressed .
2 ) after the object of a complex transitive verb such as make and get :
* Where can I get my car professionally serviced .
* I can usually make myself understood by most people .
3 ) an observing or sensing verb can also have a participial phrase after its object :
* We watched the boxers training in the gym .
* I heard her leaving the house at four -thirty .
3 ) Adverbial type :
Present participles and present - participial phrases can describe the action in a similar way to an adverbial phrase :
* Shaking with silent fury , Sam closed the door again .
* The dog retreated in a corner , licking its wounds .
In some cases the activity represented in the participle phrase comes just before the action in the main clause :
* Picking herself up again the child ran off quite happily .
* Folding her note neatly , she slipped it into an envelope .
Past participles and perfect participles are used for facts about the subject that precede the action of the main verb :
* Having trained at Loughborough, she was now teaching gymnastics at a private school .
* Born in London , she emigrated to Australia with her family at the age of eleven .
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We know that participial phrases can modify nouns and pronouns.They may come before (pre- modifying) or after (post- modifying)the noun or pronoun:
* The people waiting for the bus got very wet .
* Courses having a bearing on vocation are popular with students seeking a job immediately after University.
* The meeting scheduled for 10.00 for everyone involved in the project has been postponed.
* Those leaving longer may take a copy ; those staying longer will be given theirs later .
Notice that in post- modifying participial phrases the participle can be followed by:
* an object: student seeking job
* a prepositional phrase : everyone involved in the project
* an adverb : those leaving now; those staying longer
Post- modifying participles and participial phrases can do the work of relative clauses, of both defining and non -defining type:
1 defining type:
* those leaving now ( = those who are leaving now )
2 non- defining type :
* We visited the poet ' s house , now lying empty and badly neglected ( = We visited the poet' s house, which was now lying empty and badly neglected)
Such participles and participial clauses can be referred to as non-finite relative clauses or reduced clauses.
2 ) COMPLEMENT TYPE
A participial phrase can occur as a complement after a linking verb or after the object of a complex transitive verb .
a ) after a linking verb
:: You seem dissatisfied with the arrangement .
* He grew increasingly subdued depressed .
2 ) after the object of a complex transitive verb such as make and get :
* Where can I get my car professionally serviced .
* I can usually make myself understood by most people .
3 ) an observing or sensing verb can also have a participial phrase after its object :
* We watched the boxers training in the gym .
* I heard her leaving the house at four -thirty .
3 ) Adverbial type :
Present participles and present - participial phrases can describe the action in a similar way to an adverbial phrase :
* Shaking with silent fury , Sam closed the door again .
* The dog retreated in a corner , licking its wounds .
In some cases the activity represented in the participle phrase comes just before the action in the main clause :
* Picking herself up again the child ran off quite happily .
* Folding her note neatly , she slipped it into an envelope .
Past participles and perfect participles are used for facts about the subject that precede the action of the main verb :
* Having trained at Loughborough, she was now teaching gymnastics at a private school .
* Born in London , she emigrated to Australia with her family at the age of eleven .
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