TYPES OF PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

Subordinate- clause type
relative -clause type
We saw that post- modifying participial phrases act as relative clause of both the defining and non defining and can be referred to as non- finite or reduced relative clause :
* Defining type: Students wanting immediate employment (= who want immediate employment) should consult their careers adviser.
*Non -defining type : Maggie, looking better for her holidays ( = who was looking better for her holidays) came over to greet me.
Adverbial type clause
Participial phrases can play the part of adverbial clauses , for example clauses of time, reason, concession, result. They can be called non-finite or reduced adverbial clauses. For example:
Time
* Completed at last ( = when it was completed ), a jigsaw is visible proof of your patience .
* Running her eyes down the text ( = as she was running her eyes down the text ) she spotted a mistake .

reason:
* Having no knowledge of the subject (= because I had no knowledge of the subject ), I could contribute nothing to the discussion .
* Humiliated by his retort ( = because I was humiliated by his retort ), I said nothing.
concession:
* Relishing the opportunity for revenge ( = although she was relishing the opportunity for revenge ) , she nevertheless waited patiently for the right movement .
* Disgusted by his treachery ( = though I was disgusted by his treachery ) I still , paradoxically, pitied him .
condition :
* Fed healthy food for six months or so ( = if they are fed healthy food for six months or so ) , these obese children will probably return to a normal body mass .
* Properly packed ( = if they had been properly packed ) , these goods have arrived unbroken .
 result :
* He won first prize , surprising even himself ( = so that he surprised even himself ) ,
          

TYPES OF PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

1 ) ADJECTIVAL TYPE
We know that participial phrases can modify nouns and pronouns.They may come before (pre- modifying) or after (post- modifying)the noun or pronoun:
* The people  waiting for the bus got very wet .
* Courses having a bearing on vocation are popular with students seeking a job  immediately after University.
* The meeting scheduled for 10.00 for everyone involved in the project has been postponed.
* Those leaving longer may take a copy ; those staying longer will be given theirs later .
Notice that in post- modifying participial phrases the participle can be followed by: 
* an object: student seeking job 
* a prepositional phrase : everyone involved in the project
* an adverb : those leaving now; those staying longer 
Post- modifying participles and participial phrases can do the work of relative clauses, of both defining and non -defining type:
1   defining type:
* those leaving now ( = those who are leaving now )
2   non- defining type :
* We visited the poet ' s house , now lying empty and badly neglected ( = We visited the poet' s house, which was now lying empty and badly neglected)
Such participles and participial clauses can be referred to as non-finite relative clauses or reduced clauses.
2 ) COMPLEMENT TYPE 
A participial phrase can occur as a complement after a linking verb or after the object of a complex transitive verb .
a ) after a linking verb
:: You seem dissatisfied with the arrangement .
* He grew increasingly subdued depressed .
2 ) after the object of a complex transitive verb such as make and get :
* Where can  I get my car professionally serviced .
* I can usually make myself understood by most people .
3 ) an observing or sensing verb can also have a participial phrase after its object :
* We watched the boxers training in the gym .
* I heard her leaving the house at four -thirty .
3  ) Adverbial type :
Present participles and present - participial phrases can describe the action in a similar way to an adverbial phrase :
* Shaking with silent fury , Sam closed the door again .
* The dog retreated in a corner , licking its wounds .
In some cases the activity represented in the participle phrase comes just before the action in the main clause :
* Picking herself  up again the child ran off quite happily .
* Folding her note neatly , she slipped it into an envelope .
Past participles and perfect participles are used for facts about the subject that precede the action of the main verb :
* Having trained at Loughborough, she was now teaching gymnastics at a private school .
* Born in London , she emigrated to Australia with her family at the age of eleven .





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PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

Participle phrases include a participle . Adjectival participial phrases can pre modify or post modify a noun or noun phrase.
* The afternoon sun, now sinking towards the west, was still too hot for comfort .
* The slowly moving crowds filled the pavement as I emerged from the literally baking interior of the Underground station.
A PARTICIPIAL PHRASE can be the complement of a linking verb , or the object complement of a complex transitive verb ,and can also follow the object of an observing or sensing verb .
* I was letting myself become oppressed by the heat and stress, so I decided to chill out and get myself properly sorted out  by sitting down and having a drink.
Present participial phrases can describe the action like an adverbial phrase , or express action that just precedes that of the main verb
* A man was walking between the tables, moving unobtrusively and behaving suspiciously.
Participial phrases often function like subordinate clauses of reason , concession condition, time and so on, and can even be introduced by conjunctions
* Though inexperienced in street fighting  I resolved to grab him round the legs and bring him to the ground.
Some participial phrases have their own subject , and are independent of the main subject and verb .
* The police having been alerted by this time, sirens were heard in the distance and very soon a police car drew up alongside us.
Certain participial phrases serve as sentence adverbials and are independent of the main object.
* Considering my earlier mood of lethargy and self- pity , and taking into account the possibility that the owner of the purse was still completely unaware of the loss, the incident began to seem quite funny.
So participial phrase is a phrase involving a participle. Such a phrase can have an adjectival or adverbial function , or it may act as a complement . It may even function as a subordinate clause , or it may be independent of the main sentence structure.
Types of participial phrases
* Adjectival type

VERB PHRASES

A verb phrase typically consists of a main verb + one or more auxiliaries, of which may be a model auxiliary .
A verb phrase is a word group that makes up the verb in a sentence. The verb in a sentence may be a single word :
* They lowered the flag .
* We eat sensibly .
But if it consists of more than one word , it is a verb phrase :
* They were lowering the flag .
* Could you help me?
* We have always eaten sensibly .
Make sure you know the difference between a verb phrase and a phrasal verb :
A phrasal verb is an idiomatic combination of verb + one or more adverbial particles or prepositional particles .:
There are certain idiomatic word groups , composed in various ways , that combine with a main verb to function rather like modal verbs . They can be called ' modal combinations '
A phrasal verb :
*We ran into problems .
* Leave out the second paragraph .
A verb phrase :
*  You might have run into problems .
* You can leave out the second paragraph .

SENTENCE ADVERBIALS

Adverbial phrases may also serve as sentence adverbials also called disjuncts . representing a comment by the speaker , and standing clear of the main grammatical structure of the sentence :
* Pretty evidently , she acted out of spite.
* Quite honestly ,I ' d rather just go to bed .
* To a certain extent , that is correct .
* At the end of the day , all that matters is keeping out of bed .
As an alternative you can use to- infinitive .
* To be quite honest , I didn't really want to go .
* To be fair , she was only trying to help.
As well as modifying the action represented by an action verb , an adverbial phrase can be a complement after a linking verb or after the object of a complex transitive verb .
* I 'll be back home soon.
* Your dinner is in the microwave .
* Our name is on the door .
* Keep your steps in time with the music .
There are several adverbial expressions consisting of a pair of time or direction adverbs linked by and :
* The birds bobbed up and down on the waves .
* Figures moved in and out among the trees  .
* I see Fred now and then .
* We walked on and on .
The structure noun    + preposition +noun ,or pronoun +pronoun + preposition + pronoun:
* Little by little  we cleared the mess .
* Disasters came one after the another .
* Stand back to back.
* Hour after hour they waited .
* The two ministers came head to head (= into direct conflict ) over this issue .

TYPES OF ADVERBIAL PHRASES

Adverb modified by an intensifier, moderator , emphasizer ,or other adverb :
  *The party went very well.
    * you are trying too hard .
 *You spoke rather angrily .
 * You are walking fast enough .
* Please speak more slowly .
*They arrived noticeably late .
* That dress fits you quite perfectly.
A prepositional  phrase:
* I hung my coat on the peg .
* Mum was working in the kitchen .
* The taxi drew up beside us .
* Dad sat down in the armchair .
A noun phrase :
* Next day we arrived at Jakarta,
* Sally guessed the right answer every time .
* Last winter the village pond  froze over .
*All night the planes droned overhead .
Adverb of place or time emphasized or modified by another adverb :
* The taxi parked right outside .
*Come over here ,
* I don't want to climb up there .
*When did you get back home ?

Adverbial phrases

An adverbial phrase is any phrase that has an adverbial function in a sentence;
that is,it modifies the action represented by the verb.

• George was walking very briskly.
• George was walking in the woods.
• George was walking towards the flagpole.
• George was walking with great determination.
• George was walking on tuesday evening