ADVERB CLAUSE OF MANNER

Adverb clause of manner ,the conjunction used are ; as,if,as though,how,however,like,so that and the way introduce adverbial clause of manner. They answer the question  how, in what way?

.ex; Please do as you are told

She screamed as if she had seen a ghost.

Ram was hurrying o.

ADVERB CLAUSE OF MANNER

Adverb clause of manner ;T

Adverb clause of place

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PLACE
The conjunctions that introduce adverbial clause of place are; WHERE,WHEREVER,EVERYWHERE, ANYWHERE.They can all express either POSITION  or DIRECTION, so they answer the question WHERE or WHERE TO?
*  Stay  where [=in the place where ] you are!
Everywhere we travelled, we found wonderful hospitality.
Wherever it struck , smallpox caused widespread death and disfigurement.
*YOU CAN USE  THE PREPOSITION FROM AND TO BEFORE WHERE AND WHEREVER;
You  could see the flames from where we were standing.
I forward his mail to wherever he happens to be.
NOTE;  In older literature you find two conjunctions of direction ,whither,meaning'to where', and whence,meaning 'from where';
*I must go whither [to the place to which ] I am sent.
*They returned whence [= to the place from which ] they had come.
*When the main clause uses a future form of the verb,the verb in the subordinate clause,if it has a future tense,is nevertheless in the present tense.
You 'll find a warm welcome everywhere you go in Japan.
*Similarly ,in reported speech or thought , when the verb is in the main clause is in the future in the past, the verb in the subordinate clause , it has a future sense, is nevertheless in the simple past.
*We both knew that we would be in danger whenever there was fighting.
*You can usually put adverbial clause of place before the main clause, especially if the sense of the place conjunction is' wherever';
Wherever we went we were well treated.
Everywhere we  go we see the same ads.
Where there is life there is hope.

T HE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
An Adverbial clause is a dependent or subordinate clause which modifies a verb,an adjective,or as an adverb in the principal or main clause.
The Adverbial clauses are introduced by the subordinate conjunctions.
The Adverbial clauses may be classified as adverbial clauses of
1 Time                               5 Result or Consequence
2 Place                               6 Concession or Supposition
3 Purpose                            7Condition
4 Cause or   Reason             8Comparison/Manner

1Adverbial clause of Time
The conjunction used are;  after, as ,as soon as,before,once, since, till, until, when ,whenever,while,as long as,no sooner, so long as, etc.
See the example;
Wait for  me till I come.
Look before you leap.

NOMINAL RELATIVE CLAUSES  [INTRODUCED BY THE RELATIVE PRONOUN WHAT,and the wh-ever pronouns
The pronouns what ,whatever,whichever,whoever can introduce relative clauses.These pronouns don,'t refer back to a thing or a person in the main clause.They contain the thing or person they refer to, because they have meanings such as'anything that','everything that','anyone who,'everyone who','the one that',; the thing that',
 For example; WHAT[=the thing that] she cares about  most is her career.
 Hereis the report-feel free to correct whatever[=anything that] is in accurate.
Both outfits are lovely on you-buy whichever[=the one that] feels more comfortable
I am grateful to whoever[= the person who] washed all the dishes.
*What, whatever,whichever, can also be used as relative determiners to qualify a following noun
The thieves took what money[=all the money that] they could find in the bank.
Whatever food [=any food that ] you require you can take from the fridge.
Extra teaching will be arranged for whichever pupils[=all the pupils that] require help.
Therefore,clauses introduced by what or wh-ever pronouns and determiners are called nominative relative clauses.NOMINAL MEANS HERE RELATING TO NOUNS.
GRAMMARIANS regard a relative that begins with WHAT or one of the wh-ever pronouns or determiners as having the characteristics of both a RELATIVE CLAUSE and a NOUN CLAUSE. It is like a noun clause because it acts as the subject of a verb or the object of a  verb or preposition,as in the sentence below;
Whoever broke the window left fingerprints everywhere.[noun clause as the subject of the verb left]
I am grateful to whoever washed all the dishes.[object of the preposition to ]
We shall choose whichever option is the most convenient.[object of the verb choose]
REDUCED RELATIVES IN NON DEFINING CLAUSES. AND IN DEFINING CLAUSES
For instance,
The boy whom/who/that I wanted to see is absent today.
Mrs Jay ,who is the source of mischief ,backbites too much.

More about NON -DEFINING CLAUSE

*A non -restrictive clause can refer to the whole of the main clause;
I had to queue for two hours in the train which[=and that ] wasn't much fun.
*Noun/ quantifier+ preposition+relative pronoun.
Consider the following pair of sentences .
Sandra has masses of grandchildren.Some of them are already married.
Sandra has masses of grandchildren, some of them are married.
At the party I  met Edward.Conversations with him were always entertaining.
At the party I met Edward,conversations with whom were always entertaining.
Harry had been eating spaghetti.The remains of it could be seen in his beard.
Harry had been eating spaghetti,the remains of which could be seen in his beard.
*Preposition+which+noun
In another rather formal construction, which can be used as a determiner.
She died aged 97 in 1999,by which time she had written 251 novels.
There may be problems with my visa,in which case my departure may be delayed.
NOMINAL RELATIVE CLAUSES[ I

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE or NON RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE

NON -DEFINING OR NON RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE are placed after definite nouns.THIS CLAUSE doesn't identify or describe  a person or thing,but adds information about  a particular person. thing,or continues the narrative; This clause  is always separated from there nouns by commas. FOR EXAMPLE;
Go and see the nurse ,who will bandage your leg.
My great -uncle, whom I have never met,is coming to visit us.
We can meet at the Regent Hotel, which is on the main road.
*WHEN and WHERE BE USED like relative pronouns
We went to the Regent Hotel,where we found Jane waiting for us.
*A COMMA is needed before this clause .If the relative clause comes in the middle of the main clause,commas are needed both sides of it.
My brother,who lives in London, is coming in December.
*In this kind of relative clause the relative pronoun
*In this kind of relative pronoun acts rather like a co-ordinating conjunction + personal pronoun. For example:
-We can meet at the Reagent Hotel, which(=and it) is on the main road.
-Go and see the nurse, who(= and she) will bandage your leg fot you.
-My great-uncle, whom I've never met(= and I've never met him),is coming to visit us.

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE

A defining relative clause  describes the preceding noun in such a way as to distinguish it from other nouns of the same class. For instance,
The man who is walking with a stick is my uncle.
In this sentence' who is walking  with a stick is the relative clause.If we drop or remove it we don't know which man in particular we are talking about.Secondly, there is no comma between the noun[the man]and the defining relative clause[who is walking with a stick]
1[a]Using WHO\ THAT for PERSONS in defining relative clauses
The boy who  return within 5 minutes gets first prize.
All who \that heard her sing  were bewitched by her voice.
2 Object of a verb;whom ,or who ,that.WHOM is very formal
The boy whom I saw horseriding is our neighbour.
3WHOM or THAT  with a preposition
The girl to whom I spoke is our class monitor.
4 Possesive; whose
Here is the boy whose article has won  the first prize.
5Using relative pronouns which ,that,whose refer to animals and to things
The new light bulb that you fitted doesn't work.
6When and Where refer to a time or place in the main clause;
Maggie returned to the town  where she had spent her childhood.
REDUCED RELATIVE IN DEFINING CLAUSES
A sentence in which a relative pronoun can be omitted
The boy I wanted to see is absent today.
7Possesive; whose /of which+a clause
The book  the preface of which is by my teacher has been well written.

ADJECTIVE /RELATIVE CLAUSE  a relative clause is a dependent or subordinate clause WHICH Qualifies or adds to the meanings of a noun or pronoun in the principal clause .For instance.The boy who met met with an accident is safe now. In this clause -The boy is safe now is main clause who met with an accident is a relative clause adding to the meaning of a noun  The boy.All that glitters is not gold. In this clause-All is  not gold is main clause -that glitters is adjective clause qualifying the pronoun-All .A RELATIVE CLAUSE  ANSWERS THE QUESTION WHO/?A RELATIVE CLAUSE IS INTRODUCED BY THE FOLLOWING; A relative Pronoun [ who,when, which, that,whose]For example ;I heard a song which was sweet  and melodious. Do you remember the occasion when Dad fell into the river .WHY CAN ALSO BE USED LIKE A RELATIVE PRONOUN AFTER REASON.For instance; Give me three reasons why you can't have dinner with me. Another introducer is;RELATIVE ADVERB[where,why,whence,how]FOR EXAMPLE;Tell me the place where you were born.BUT as a relative pronoun when it is followed by NOT.See the example;There was none but did not feel sad.[who did not feel sad] THAN AS A PREPOSITION BE
FORE. A RELATIVE PRONOUN.Take the example;This was a deed than which no nobler was done.SUCH and SAME followed by ,AS .FOR INSTANCE;Such boys as obey their parents are getting less.RELATIVE CLAUSES ARE OF TWO KINDS;DEFINING or RESTRICTIVE CLAUSES and NON DEFINING or NON- RESTRICTIVE CLAUSES.   THE DEFINING CLAUSE IDENTIFY or DESCRIBE a person or thing which may be a noun a pronoun in the main clause.They are introduced by the relative pronoun WHO,WHOM, WHICH, THAT, which refer back to the noun or pronoun.FOR EXAMPLE; Is that the waitress who served us.

A. The Noun Clause
     1.The Noun Clause does the work of a noun in a complex sentence. Different kinds of noun clauses are introduced by that or the question-words like, why, where, when, what, who, how etc.
They can also be introduced by if or whether. These can be :
     (a) Noun clause the subject of a verb
           What the President said  was true.(what the President said is the subject of the verb 'was'.)
           It was true main clause in this sentence 
           How he could help us was not known.
                 Noun Clause     
           It was not known
               Main Clause
  (b)Object of a verb
         I know where he has gone.
          (I know is main clause as noun clause answers the question WHAT
          where he has gone is a noun clause object of the verb know
        Ask if her father is at home.
         Ask is main clause here and if her father is at home is a noun clause object of the verb ask.
(c) Object of a preposition
        Pay attention to what he is going to say.(The noun clause is governed by the preposition 'to' in the Principal clause.)
        Be careful about what your teacher said.
           Main Clause            Noun Clause
(d) The Complement of a verb of incomplete prediction.
       My wish is that he may pass. (That he may pass is the complement of verb 'is' of the principal clause.)
       Life is what you make it.
          MC             NC
(e) In apposition to noun or pronoun
    your statement that Anuradha is guilty will not be believed. (that Anuradha is guilty is in                                                                                                       apposition to the noun to the noun 'statement'.
(f)As the object of an infinitive
    I feel happy to know that you have come.(that you have come is the object of the infintive 'to know').
(g) As the object of a participle
      He left the house saying that he will never return.(that he will never return is the object of the participle'saying'.)

A Complex Sentence has one main clause and one or more Subordinate Clauses.The main clause or Principal clause makes complete sense by itself and does not need other clause for its complete meaning. It is, thus, of an independent nature. But the Subordinate clauses depend on the principal clause for their meaning. For instance, in
    The President said | that he believed in women education
      (Principal clause)                          (Subordinate clause)
The principal clause makes complete sense by itself but the subordinate clause does not.
Co-ordinate clauses are those which are complete sentences in themselves,that is,they have a subject and a finite verb of their own, but are a part of a large sentence joined by the co-ordinate conjunction. For instance,in
    The path was well lighted and we could see our way.
both the parts contain a subject and a predicate of their own ie, Principal or Main clause. Each par is, therefore,a sentence which is part of a large sentence. In other words, each part is a clause joined by a co-ordinate conjunction and, So it is a Co-ordinate clause.
Thus, a clause is a group of  words which forms part of a larger sentence and has a subject and a verb.
2. Clauses - kinds
    Clauses are of the three kinds :
         (a) Principal or main clause
         (b) Subordinate or Dependent clause
         (c) Co-ordinate clause
3. Subordinate clauses - kinds
   Subordinate or Dependent clauses are of four kinds. There are:
(a)The Noun clause which does the work of a Noun.
           All know that he is a qualified doctor.
that he is a qualified doctor is the subject of the verb know and also does the work of an object of this verb also. Here it does the work of a noun. So it is a Noun clause.
(b) The Adjective Clause which does the work of an adjective.
          This is the boy who met us yesterday on the road.
who met us yesterday on the road tells us about the boy and it, therefore,does the work of an adjective.It is, therefore, an Adjectival clause.
(c)The Adverb clause which does the work of an Adverb.
       I met my old student when i went to the bank.
when I went to the bank qualifies the verb and it does the work of an Adverb here. It is, therefore, an Adverbial clause.
(d)The Non-finite clause contains a participle or an infinitive (a non-finite) but no finite verb.
             My mother went to market to buy fruits.
to buys fruits is a non-finite verb.So this clause is called a Non-finite clause.